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Message: [QUOTE="WaterWalk, post: 3551650"] I find friend declaration just very tricky. I tried the following examples on both MingW(gcc 3.4.2) and VC++ 2005. The results are surprising. Example1: namespace ns1 { class Test { friend void func() { printf("func in %s\n", __FILE__); } }; } int main() { ns1::func(); } ---End Example1--- gcc: compiles and works VC++: compile error: 'func': candidate function(s) not accessible Example2: -file1.cpp namespace ns1 { class Test { friend void func(); }; } int main() { ns1::func2("abc"); } -file2.cpp namespace ns1 { void func() { printf("func in %s\n", __FILE__); } } ---end Example2--- gcc: compiles and works VC++: compiles and works I'm rather confused. Does a friend function declaration make it as if it's also declared in the enclosing namespace? At least in example2, it seems to be so. What about Example1? What is the right behavior? [/QUOTE]