IIRC it took quite some time for standard English spelling to appear. I
believe this also caused literacy to take a great leap forward.
I seem to recall being told that one reason for English's poor
orthography was due to literacy spreading before a standardized
spellings appeared. According to Wikipedia, the first English
dictionaries would have been made around the mid-1700s (Webster's
dictionary, which more or less standardized American English was in
1828). The printing press was well before that.
Another major reason for our poor orthography is our love of
incorporating words from myriads of languages. Often without bothering
to change the spelling to match other words.
Against this I bet none of us English speakers
can read anything much before standardisation took place (Chaucer,
anybody?) and same goes for the Chinese and the much more recent pinyin
standardisation.
Chaucer is actually Middle English, which is generally considered a
different language from Modern English. Shakespearean times is where you
would go to look for pre-standardized Modern English spellings.
One of the problems here is that the schools went off syllabic English
teaching method in favour of only teaching whole word recognition. As
usual, some prat in power had a brainwave and imposed it on the country
without checking that it actually worked, let alone seeing if it was any
better than the existing method.
I probably learned to read mostly using Hooked on Phonics [1].
Interestingly enough, I do remember having problems pronouncing some
words (protein and alcohol were two annoying ones for me), although I
tend to be a good speller. Unless I stare at words for a long time, in
which case everything looks awkward. Oh, and I have problems with
"occasionally" for some reason.
I don't have any experience with whole-word recognition, so I can't say
how it compares to phonics. Pretty much half the Wikipedia page on the
subject is labeled citation-needed, so that's not a useful reference either.
[1] I only recall "a, e, i, o, u are vowels... and sometimes y" from
that stuff, and memories of my life from elementary school and earlier
are rather vague. My parents aren't much help on the matter, either, as
their first recollection that I could read was when I asked about a
"guy-ant pa-harr-ma-key." I'll let you figure out what words I was
trying to pronounce.