I have yet to see that in practice. The "typical" thread works as
follows:
while True:
while request.incomplete():
request.read() # block
sql_stmt = request.process()
db.act(sql_stmt) # block
db.commit() # block
response = request.ok_response()
while response.incomplete():
response.write() # block
The places marked with the "block" comment are states with only one
valid input stimulus.
...
Yes, a "nest of callbacks" can get messy very quickly. That is why you
need to be very explicit with your states. Your class needs to have a
state field named "state" with clearly named state values.
Simple/naive way to translate this into a callback system is like this:
def request_read_callback(request, data):
request.read(data) # however that part works
if not request.incomplete():
request.process()
def write(request, data):
request.write_buffer += data
request.attempt_write() # sets up callbacks for async writing
def request.process(self): # I know this isn't valid syntax
db.act(whatever) # may block but shouldn't for long
db.commit() # ditto
write(self, response) # won't block
This works as long as your database is reasonably fast and close
(common case for a lot of web servers: DB runs on same computer as web
and application and etc servers). It's nice and simple, lets you use a
single database connection (although you should probably wrap it in a
try/finally to ensure that you roll back on any exception), and won't
materially damage throughput as long as you don't run into problems.
For a database driven web site, most of the I/O time will be waiting
for clients, not waiting for your database.
Getting rid of those blocking database calls means having multiple
concurrent transactions on the database. Whether you go async or
threaded, this is going to happen. Unless your database lets you run
multiple simultaneous transactions on a single connection (I don't
think the Python DB API allows that, and I can't think of any DB
backends that support it, off hand), that means that every single
concurrency point needs its own database connection. With threads, you
could have a pool of (say) a dozen or so, one per thread, with each
one working synchronously; with asyncio, you'd have to have one for
every single incoming client request, or else faff around with
semaphores and resource pools and such manually. The throughput you
gain by making those asynchronous with callbacks is quite probably
destroyed by the throughput you lose in having too many simultaneous
connections to the database. I can't prove that, obviously, but I do
know that PostgreSQL requires up-front RAM allocation based on the
max_connections setting, and trying to support 5000 connections
started to get kinda stupid.
So how do you deal with the possibility that the database will block?
"Pure" threading (one thread listens for clients, spin off a thread
for each client, end the thread when the client disconnects) copes
poorly; async I/O copes poorly. The thread pool copes well (you know
exactly how many connections you'll need - one per thread in the
pool), but doesn't necessarily solve the problem (you can get all
threads waiting on the database and none handling other requests).
Frankly, I think the only solution is to beef up the database so it
won't block for too long (and, duh, to solve any stupid locking
problems, because they WILL kill you
).
If threads simplify an asynchronous application, that is generally done
by oversimplifying and reducing functionality.
Which means that I disagree with this statement. In my opinion, both
simple models (pure threading and asyncio) can express the same
functionality; the hybrid thread-pool model may simplify things a bit
in the interests of resource usage; but threading does let you think
about code the same way for one client as for fifty, without any
change of functionality. Compare:
# Console I/O:
def print_menu():
print("1: Spam")
print("2: Ham")
print("3: Quit")
def spam():
print("Spam, spam, spam, spam,")
while input("Continue? ")!="NO!":
print("spam, spam, spam...")
def mainloop():
print("Welcome!")
while True:
print_menu()
x = int(input("What would you like? "))
if x == 1: spam()
elif x == 2: ham()
elif x == 3: break
else: print("I don't know numbers like %d."%x)
print("Goodbye!")
I could translate this into a pure-threading system very easily:
# Socket I/O:
import consoleio
class TerminateRequest(Exception): pass
tls = threading.local()
def print(s):
tls.socket.write(s+"\r\n") # Don't forget, most of the internet uses \r\n!
def input(prompt):
tls.socket.write(s)
while '\n' not in tls.readbuffer:
tls.readbuffer += tls.socket.read()
if not tls.socket.connected(): raise TerminateRequest
ret, _, tls.readbuffer = tls.readbuffer.partition("\n")
return ret.strip("\r")
consoleio.print = print
consoleio.input = input
def thread(sock):
tls.socket = sock
tls.readbuffer = ""
try: consoleio.mainloop()
except TerminateRequest: pass
mainsock = socket.socket() # bind to port, whatever
mainsock.listen(5)
while True:
threading.Thread(target=thread,args=(mainsock.accept(),))
The only changes I made to the application main loop are to change
(via injection) print and input to use the socket. Everything else -
the (bad) logic inside spam(), helper functions, etc, etc - works
exactly the same way. So if you're coming from a single-thread
single-client starting point, it's definitely way simpler to follow a
model like this. (And I have written enough programs along this sort
of line to be able to write the above without more than some quick
checks to see how thread-local storage is done in Python. It's a
really simple model. On the flip side, that does also mean the code
above is completely untested, not to mention stubby in places, so it
probably won't actually run.)
How do you translate that to asynchronous I/O? Normally, with piles
and piles of callbacks. I haven't looked into tulip yet, but my
understanding is that it may be possible to tulipify the above code in
the same way that I socketified it - you'd simply have a "yield from"
inside input(), which would let the system go and deal with other
requests; but otherwise, you would need to completely rewrite the main
code. The exact same functionality would look a lot messier; and you
have the exact same problems to deal with either way. Your connection
state has to cope with both input and output buffers (since you have
to make sure you don't block inside print() either), and while you can
in most applications assume that there won't be a huge amount of
output buffering (and can therefore let mainloop() pretend that it all
got written instantly, while the actual writing happens in the
background), sometimes you have to be explicit about that part of
state too. So the consoleio module above would need a lot of separate
states: every single print() or input() call becomes its own state, in
which the connection might stall. Do you really want to do that with
callbacks? Because it would *definitely* be less clear.
ChrisA
