I think I've found the actual source of this, and it isn't the print
statement. UnicodeDecodeError relates to the construction of Unicode
objects, not the encoding of such objects as byte strings. The
terminology is explained using this simple diagram (which hopefully
won't be ruined in transmission):
byte string in XYZ encoding
|
(decode from XYZ) --> possible UnicodeDecodeError
|
V
Unicode object
|
(encode to ABC) --> possible UnicodeEncodeError
|
V
byte string in ABC encoding
What does sys.stdout.encoding say?
'KOI8-R'
[...]
What do you get if you do this...?
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
print locale.getlocale()
('ru_RU', 'koi8-r')
What is your terminal encoding?
koi8-r
Here's a transcript on my system answering the same questions:
Python 2.4.1 (#2, Oct 4 2006, 16:53:35)
[GCC 3.3.5 (Debian 1:3.3.5-8ubuntu2.1)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information. ('en_US', 'iso-8859-15')
So Python knows about the locale. Note that neither of us use UTF-8 as
a system encoding.
'ISO-8859-15'
This tells us that Python could know things about writing Unicode
objects out in the appropriate encoding. I wasn't sure whether Python
was so smart about this, so let's see what happens...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe6 in position
0: ordinal not in range(128)
Now this isn't anything to do with the print operation: what's
happening here is that I'm explicitly making a Unicode object but
haven't said what the encoding of my byte string is. The default
encoding is 'ascii' as stated in the error message. None of the
characters provided belong to the ASCII character set.
We can check this by not printing anything out:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe6 in position
0: ordinal not in range(128)
So, let's try again and provide an encoding...
æøå
Here, we've mentioned the encoding and even though the print statement
is acting on a Unicode object, it seems to be happy to work out the
resulting encoding.
æøå
Here, we've skipped the explicit Unicode object construction by using
a Unicode literal, which works in this simple case.
Of course, if your system encoding (along with the terminal) isn't
capable of displaying every Unicode character, you'll experience
problems doing the above. Frequently, it's interesting to encode
things as UTF-8 and look at them in applications that are capable of
displaying the text. Thus, you'd do something like this:
import unicodedata
(This gets an interesting function to help us look up characters in
the Unicode database.)
somefile = open("somefile.txt", "wb")
print >>somefile, unicodedata.lookup("MONGOLIAN VOWEL
SEPARATOR").encode("utf-8")
Or even this:
import codecs
somefile = codecs.open("somefile.txt", "wb", encoding="utf-8")
print >>somefile, unicodedata.lookup("MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR")
Here, we only specified the encoding once when opening the file. The
file object accepts Unicode objects thereafter.
As long as input/output is the only place for such need, it's ok to
encode expliciyely. But I also had problems, for example, with md5
module, and I don't know the whole list of potential problematic
places. Therefore, I'd better go with my brutal utf8ization.
It's best to decode (ie. construct Unicode objects) upon receiving
data as input, and to encode (ie. convert Unicode objects to byte
strings) upon producing output. What may be the problem with the md5
module, and you'd have to post example code for us to help you out, is
that it assumes byte strings and doesn't work properly with Unicode
objects, but I can't say for sure because I'm usually presenting byte
strings to md5 module functions on the rare occasions I do anything
with them. Note that one would usually calculate MD5 checksums on raw
data, although I can imagine a hypothetical (although perhaps
unrealistic) need to do so on Unicode text, so it doesn't necessarily
make much sense to present those functions with Unicode data.
Paul
